
Purpose of Review This article summarizes key codes and standards (C&S) that apply to grid energy storage systems. The article also gives several examples of industry efforts to update or create new standards to remove gaps in energy storage C&S and to. . Gaps in C&S development can lead to a variety of impacts. & Poorly written requirements can lead to unenforceable code. For example, a technical requirement written to say, Shall have thermal runaway mitigation could ap- “ ” pear in an installation or. . For the past decade, industry, utilities, regulators, and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) have viewed energy storage as an important. . Segments of C&S development activities can be grouped broadly under the areas of Performance, Reliability, and Safety. These activity areas map to the major stakeholder groups as. [pdf]
Discussions with industry professionals indicate a significant need for standards ” [1, p. 30]. Under this strategic driver, a portion of DOE-funded energy storage research and development (R&D) is directed to actively work with industry to fill energy storage Codes & Standards (C&S) gaps.
Energy Storage System and Component Standards 2. If relevant testing standards are not identified, it is possible they are under development by an SDO or by a third-party testing entity that plans to use them to conduct tests until a formal standard has been developed and approved by an SDO.
As cited in the DOE OE ES Program Plan, “Industry requires specifications of standards for characterizing the performance of energy storage under grid conditions and for modeling behavior. Discussions with industry pro-fessionals indicate a significant need for standards” [1, p. 30].
Covers an energy storage system (ESS) that is intended to receive and store energy in some form so that the ESS can provide electrical energy to loads or to the local/area electric power system (EPS) when needed. Electrochemical, chemical, mechanical, and thermal ESS are covered by this Standard.
As shown in Fig. 3, many safety C&S affect the design and installation of ESS. One of the key product standards that covers the full system is the UL9540 Standard for Safety: Energy Storage Systems and Equipment . Here, we discuss this standard in detail; some of the remaining challenges are discussed in the next section.
Safety standard for stationary batteries for energy storage applications, non-chemistry specific and includes electrochemical capacitor systems or hybrid electrochemical capacitor and battery systems. Includes requirements for unique technologies such as flow batteries and sodium beta (i.e., sodium sulfur and sodium nickel chloride).

Auxiliary energy storage systems including FCs, ultracapacitors, flywheels, superconducting magnet, and hybrid energy storage together with their benefits, functional properties, and potential uses, are analysed and detailed in order to promote sustainable electric mobility.. Auxiliary energy storage systems including FCs, ultracapacitors, flywheels, superconducting magnet, and hybrid energy storage together with their benefits, functional properties, and potential uses, are analysed and detailed in order to promote sustainable electric mobility.. There are four primary types of electric vehicle energy storage systems: batteries, ultracapacitors (UCs), flywheels, and fuel cells. Electric vehicle energy storage systems are used in electric vehicles to store energy that is used to power the electric motor of the vehicle, while batteries are. . What an automotive energy storage system does revolves around its fundamental role in enhancing vehicle performance and efficiency. 1. It serves as a repository for electrical energy generated by various sources, including regenerative braking and conventional charging methods. 2. This system. [pdf]
Auxiliary energy storage systems including FCs, ultracapacitors, flywheels, superconducting magnet, and hybrid energy storage together with their benefits, functional properties, and potential uses, are analysed and detailed in order to promote sustainable electric mobility.
Use of auxiliary source of storage such as UC, flywheel, fuelcell, and hybrid. The desirable characteristics of an energy storage system (ESS) to fulfill the energy requirement in electric vehicles (EVs) are high specific energy, significant storage capacity, longer life cycles, high operating efficiency, and low cost.
Energy storage and management technologies are key in the deployment and operation of electric vehicles (EVs). To keep up with continuous innovations in energy storage technologies, it is necessary to develop corresponding management strategies. In this Review, we discuss technological advances in energy storage management.
These technical challenges can be met through the implementation of advanced energy storage management strategies, with effective estimation of battery SOH and operational optimization. The variable nature of wind and solar generation makes it challenging to balance electricity supply and demand 33.
A proposed novel topology approach can reduce the number of bidirectional switches and gate drivers by half, while achieving a high balancing efficiency of 96.3% 122. Battery thermal and health states also require balancing 123. Reconfigurable battery circuits configure battery pack connections to meet power demands while reducing energy waste.

On September 12, 2025, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the National Energy Administration issued a notice on the "Action Plan for Large-Scale Construction of New-Type Energy Storage (2025–2027)," explicitly listing solid-state batteries as a key technology for development and promoting their large-scale growth through technological breakthroughs, demonstration applications, and standard establishment. [pdf]
Since the publication of the first Energy Storage Safety Strategic Plan in 2014, there have been introductions of new technologies, new use cases, and new codes, standards, regulations, and testing methods. Additionally, failures in deployed energy storage systems (ESS) have led to new emergency response best practices.
A typical energy storage deployment will consist of multiple project phases, including (1) planning (project initiation, development, and design activities), (2) procurement, (3) construction, (4) acceptance testing (i.e., commissioning), (5) operations and maintenance, and (6) decommissioning.
Since 2015, the amount of utility-scale energy storage installed in the U.S. has grown at an average rate of 75 percent per year. Since 2020, the annual growth rate is 134 percent (including planned installations for 2023). As storage projects proliferate in the U.S., the potential for them to come into conflict with other land uses increases.
New energy storage refers to electricity storage processes that use electrochemical, compressed air, flywheel and supercapacitor systems, but not pumped hydro, which uses water stored behind dams to generate electricity when needed. Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.
One gap in current safety assessments is that validation tests are performed on new products under laboratory conditions, and do not reflect changes that can occur in service or as the product ages. Figure 4. Increasing safety certainty earlier in the energy storage development cycle. 8. Summary of Gaps
In 2013, the cumulative energy storage deployment in the US was 24.6 GW, with pumped hydro representing 95% of deployments.1 Utility-scale battery storage was about 200 MW at the end of 2013, about 9 GW at the end of 2022, and is expected to reach 30 GW by the end of 2025 (Figure 1).2 Most new energy storage deployments are now Li-ion batteries.
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